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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and capacity to draw on relational affordances as well as learner-internal elements, were important. For instance the RIs of TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a significant factor in their pragmatic choice to avoid criticising the strictness of a professor (see the second example). This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published until 2020. It focuses on key pragmatic issues such as: Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs) The test for discourse completion (DCT) is widely used in pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but it also has some disadvantages. The DCT, for example, is unable to account for cultural and individual variations. Furthermore, the DCT can be biased and could lead to overgeneralizations. This is why it is important to analyze it carefully before it is used for research or assessment purposes. Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a useful tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to alter social variables relevant to the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a benefit. This feature can help researchers to study the role played by prosody in communicating across cultural contexts, a major challenge in cross-cultural pragmatics. In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools to analyze the communication habits of learners. It can be used to investigate numerous issues, like the manner of speaking, turn-taking and lexical choices. It can be used to assess the level of phonological sophistication in learners in their speech. A recent study employed a DCT to evaluate EFL students' refusal skills. The participants were given an array of scenarios and required to choose a suitable response from the options offered. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. However, the researchers warned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of data collection methods. DCTs can be developed using specific language requirements, like form and content. These criteria are based on intuition and is based on the assumptions made by the test designers. They aren't always exact and could be misleading in describing the way ELF learners actually respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research on alternative methods of testing refusal competence. A recent study examined DCT responses to requests made by students through email with those gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCT promoted more direct and traditionally indirect request forms, and a lesser use of hints than the email data did. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study examined Chinese learners' pragmatic choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to think about their evaluations and refusal performance in RIs. The results showed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms, and that their choices were influenced by four main factors: their personalities, multilingual identities, ongoing life histories, and relational advantages. These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching. The MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants' pragmatic choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the selections were compared with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine whether they reflected pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations. The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were examined using descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was found that the CLKs often resorted to euphemistic responses such as “sorry” and “thank you.” This could be due to their lack of familiarity with the target language, which led to a lack of understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preference to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to move toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. For example, in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs would prefer to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they preferred converging to L1 norms. The RIs showed that CLKs were aware of their pragmatic resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days of the participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribing, and then coded by two coders who were independent. The coders worked in an iterative manner, with the coders re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine how well they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) The key problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do some learners choose not to accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question using a variety of experimental tools, such as DCTs, MQs, and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2 levels. Then, they were invited to a RI where they were required to reflect on their responses to the DCT situations. The results showed that CLKs on average, did not adhere to the norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could create patterns that resembled native ones. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life histories. They also mentioned external factors, like relational affordances. For instance, they outlined how their relationships with professors facilitated a more relaxed performance in relation to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university. However, the interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures and penalties that they could face if they flouted their local social norms. They were concerned that their native interlocutors may view them as “foreignersand believe that they are incompetent. This is similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in various contexts and in particular situations. This will enable them to better understand how different cultural environments may impact the pragmatic behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor at Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigational strategy that uses participant-centered, in-depth studies to study a specific subject. It is a method that utilizes multiple data sources to help support the findings, such as interviews or observations, documents and artifacts. This kind of research can be used to study specific or complicated topics that are difficult for other methods of measuring. In a case study the first step is to define the subject as well as the objectives of the study. This will help determine what aspects of the subject are important for investigation and which ones can be omitted. It is also helpful to review existing literature related to the subject to gain a greater knowledge of the subject and place the case study in a broader theoretical context. This case study was based on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its Korean-specific benchmarks, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this experiment revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly vulnerable to the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices that were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from a precise pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency of adding their own words or “garbage” to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their responses. Additionally, the participants in this study were L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their third or second year of university and were aiming for level 6 in their next attempt. They were required to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension. Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations involving an interaction with their counterparts and were asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making demands. They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. For 프라그마틱 추천 , TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and therefore refused to ask about her interactant's well-being with a heavy workload despite her belief that native Koreans would ask.